Testmiljö
Observera att detta är en testmiljö för utveckling som inte ska användas som underlag för klinisk bedömning. Besök Janusmed här: https://janusmed.se

4/7/2025

Janusmed kön och genus

Janusmed kön och genus – benserazid

Janusmed kön och genus är ett kunskapsstöd som tillhandahåller information om köns- och genusaspekter på läkemedelsbehandling. Kunskapsstödet är avsedd främst för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Texterna är generella och ska inte ses som behandlingsriktlinjer. Det är alltid behandlande läkare som ansvarar för patientens medicinering.

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Levodopa + enzymhämmare (benserazid, karbidopa, entakapon) Testmiljö

Levodopa + enzymhämmare (benserazid, karbidopa, entakapon)

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Produkter

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Carbidopa And Levodopa, Carbidopa/Levodopa Fair-Med, Carbidopa/Levodop......

Carbidopa And Levodopa, Carbidopa/Levodopa Fair-Med, Carbidopa/Levodopa Orifarm, Carbidopa/Levodopa Orion, Comtess, Dazonay, Duodopa, Entacapone Mylan, Entacapone Orion, Entacapone Teva, Flexilev, Karbidopa/Levodopa Ebb, Lecigon, Levocar, Levodopa/Benserazid 2care4, Levodopa/Benserazid Ebb, Levodopa/Benserazid Orifarm, Levodopa/Benserazid ratiopharm, Levodopa/Benserazide Orifarm, Levodopa/Carbidopa Accord, Levodopa/Carbidopa ratiopharm, Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Accord, Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Orion, Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Rivopharm, Lodosyn, Madopar, Madopar Depot, Madopar Quick, Madopar Quick mite, Madopark, Madopark Depot, Madopark Quick, Madopark Quick mite, Pentiro, Sastravi, Sinemet, Sinemet Depot, Sinemet Depot Mite, Stalevo
ATC-koder

N04BA, N04BA02, N04BA03, N04BX02

N04BA, N04BA02, N04BA03, N04BX02
Substanser

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benserazid, benserazidhydroklorid, entakapon, karbidopa, karbidopa (mo......

benserazid, benserazidhydroklorid, entakapon, karbidopa, karbidopa (monohydrat), levodopa
Sammanfattning

Kvinnor med Parkinsons sjukdom behöver oftare lägre doser levodopa än män. Dyskinesier är vanligare och uppkommer tidigare hos kvinnor. Levodopa + enzymhämmare används även för behandling av Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). En studie har visat att patientens kön inte inverkade på den symptomökning (augmentation) som ofta inträffar vid kontinuerlig användning. Studier har visat att benserazid 125 mg respektive karbidopa 250 mg gav en större ökning av serumprolaktinnivåer hos kvinnor.

Kvinnor med Parkinsons sjukdom behöver oftare lägre doser levodopa än män. Dyskinesier är vanligare och uppkommer tidigare hos kvinnor. Levodopa + enzymhämmare används även för behandling av Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). En studie har visat att patientens kön inte inverkade på den symptomökning (augmentation) som ofta inträffar vid kontinuerlig användning. Studier har visat att benserazid 125 mg respektive karbidopa 250 mg gav en större ökning av serumprolaktinnivåer hos kvinnor.
Background

The reported incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is slightly higher in men than in women. It seems that men develop PD earlier in life compared to women. Several possible explanations behind these sex differences have been suggested; the protective role of estrogens in premenopausal women, and different profiles of risk factors (environmental and/or genetic). Sex differences in clinical presentations of PD have also been reported. Since the activities of daily living might differ between men and women with PD, different treatment strategies can be recommended to men and women with PD [1].

Pharmacokinetics and dosing
Several studies have shown that women have a higher levodopa AUC than men when receiving a standard dose of 250 mg levodopa corrected as mg/kg body weight, leading to a higher bioavailability of levodopa. This may be explained by the generally lower body weight of women [2-4]. Contrary to these findings, other studies have shown greater bioavailability in women even after adjustment for body weight [5-7]. In these studies, patients received an oral dose......

Visa hela bakgrundstexten

The reported incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is slightly higher in men than in women. It seems that men develop PD earlier in life compared to women. Several possible explanations behind these sex differences have been suggested; the protective role of estrogens in premenopausal women, and different profiles of risk factors (environmental and/or genetic). Sex differences in clinical presentations of PD have also been reported. Since the activities of daily living might differ between men and women with PD, different treatment strategies can be recommended to men and women with PD [1]. # Pharmacokinetics and dosing Several studies have shown that women have a higher levodopa AUC than men when receiving a standard dose of 250 mg levodopa corrected as mg/kg body weight, leading to a higher bioavailability of levodopa. This may be explained by the generally lower body weight of women [2-4]. Contrary to these findings, other studies have shown greater bioavailability in women even after adjustment for body weight [5-7]. In these studies, patients received an oral dose of 100 mg levodopa plus 25 mg benserazide or 10 mg carbidopa. Also, levodopa AUC adjusted for body weight were higher in women [5-7]. In a Swedish registry study, women used a lower mean daily dose of levodopa than men [8]. Similar findings were observed in a clinic-based studies from the US and Brazil [9, 10]. A reason behind this sex difference could be the metabolic differences and the risk of side effects such as dyskinesia (see Adverse effects). # Effects No studies with a clinically relevant sex analysis regarding effects of levodopa + enzyme inhibitors have been found. # Adverse effects Women with PD seem to be at higher risk of dyskinesia, due to pharmacokinetic factors. This is, however, not confirmed in other reports where patient’s sex has been studied as a risk factor [3]. In one clinical study (67 men, 49 women) no difference in the proportion of men and women experiencing dyskinesias was observed [6]. Female sex is associated with a significantly shorter time to occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) [11, 12].  The median time to LID was 4 years for women and 6 years for men. The reason for the sex difference is unclear. It has been suggested that hormonal status may underlie this susceptibility, possibly by modifying the individual dyskinetic sensitivity to levodopa through estrogens [11, 12]. Women have a lower expression of dopamine receptor genetic polymorphism (DRD2) which seems to exert a protective role in men against dyskinesia [3]. Women with PD have an 87% higher binding capacity of levodopa in the prefrontal cortex compared to men [13]. Dopaminergic medication is also used as a treatment for RLS (Restless Legs Syndrome) and PLMS (Periodic Leg Movement Syndrome). For nightly treatments, a problem with morning end-of-dose rebound increase in leg movements are reported to occur in about 25% of the patients. In one study (25 men, 21 women), patients with either RLS or PLMS were given 0.5-1 tablet levodopa/carbidopa 100/25 mg 20–30 minutes before bedtime. The dose was increased by 0.5 tablet every 3 days until satisfactory sleep occurred for the first 3 hours or the dose reached a maximum of 4 tablets. Augmentation (increased symptoms over time) was greater for patients with more severe RLS symptoms and for patients on higher doses (>200/50 mg) but was unrelated to patient’s sex or age [14]. Studies report that the increase in serum prolactin after receiving carbidopa or benserazide is larger in women than in men. In one study, healthy young men and women were given a single 125 mg oral dose benserazide inducing a larger percent increase of serum prolactin in women compared to men. In the general population, prolactin secretion is more affected by various stimuli in women [15]. In a similar study, benserazide was given in doses ranging between 10–125 mg and carbidopa was given in doses ranging between 10–250 mg to different groups of women [16]. Two different groups of men were given 125 mg of benserazide and 250 mg of carbidopa, respectively. Significant prolactin rises were observed in both men and women for all doses tested. Secretion areas were lager in women than in men and peak values were higher in women than in men. This sex-related finding is not unexpected considering the well-known sex-related differences in both spontaneous blood levels and responses to various stimuli. Sex differences may also influence serotonergic regulation of prolactin secretion  [16]. For entacapone, pre-marketing clinical trials did not note any differences in the rate of adverse events attributable to entacapone by patient’s sex [17]. # Reproductive health issues Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan).
Försäljning på recept

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Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut läkemedel innehållande kombination av levodopa och dekarboxylashämmare (ATC-kod N04BA02) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 16 611 män och 13 704 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 3,2 respektive 2,7 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel var högst i åldersgruppen 75 år och äldre hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var läkemedel innehållande kombination av levodopa och dekarboxylashämmare 1,3 gånger vanligare hos män [18]. Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut läkemedel innehållande kombination av levodopa, dekarboxylashämmare och COMT-hämmare (ATC-kod N04BA03) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 1 961 män och 1 020 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 0,4 respektive 0,2 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel var högst i åldersgruppen 70-84 år hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var tabletter innehållande kombination av levodopa, dekarboxylashämmare och COMT-hämmare 2,2 gånger vanligare hos män [18]. Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut tabletter innehållande entakapon (ATC-kod N04BX02) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 861 män och 443 kvinnor [18].
Referenser

Visa referenser

  1. Georgiev D, Hamberg K, Hariz M, Forsgren L, Hariz GM. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: A clinical perspective. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;136(6):570-584.

  2. Arabia G, Zappia M, Bosco D, Crescibene L, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight, levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2002;23 Suppl 2:S53-4.

  3. Sharma JC, Bachmann CG, Linazasoro G. Classifying risk factors for dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:490-7.

  4. Zappia M, Crescibene L, Arabia G, Nicoletti G, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;25:79-82.

  5. Kompoliti K, Adler CH, Raman R, Pincus JH, Leibowitz MT, Ferry JJ et al. Gender and pramipexole effects on levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Neurology. 2002;58(9):1418-22.

  6. Martinelli P, Contin M, Scaglione C, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesias: are there sex-related differences?. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:192-3.

  7. Kumagai T, Nagayama H, Ota T, Nishiyama Y, Mishina M, Ueda M. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(6):173-6.

  8. Nyholm D, Karlsson E, Lundberg M, Askmark H. Large differences in levodopa dose requirement in Parkinson's disease: men use higher doses than women. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:260-6.

  9. Baba Y, Putzke JD, Whaley NR, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ. Gender and the Parkinson's disease phenotype. J Neurol. 2005;252:1201-5.

  10. Altmann V, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Rieck M, Callegari-Jacques SM, Rieder CR, Hutz MH. Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on levodopa dose in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenomics. 2016;17(5):481-8.

  11. Hassin-Baer S, Molchadski I, Cohen OS, Nitzan Z, Efrati L, Tunkel O et al. Gender effect on time to levodopa-induced dyskinesias. J Neurol. 2011;258:2048-53.

  12. Zappia M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G, Arabia G, Annesi F, Messina D et al. Sex differences in clinical and genetic determinants of levodopa peak-dose dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: an exploratory study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:601-5.

  13. Kaasinen V, Nurmi E, Brück A, Eskola O, Bergman J, Solin O et al. Increased frontal [(18)F]fluorodopa uptake in early Parkinson's disease: sex differences in the prefrontal cortex. Brain. 2001;124:1125-30.

  14. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep. 1996;19:205-13.

  15. Murialdo G, Masturzo P, Carolei A, Polleri A. Dose and sex related effects of benserazide on prolactin secretion. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1979;55:373-7.

  16. Polleri A, Masturzo P, Murialdo G, Carolei A. Dose and sex related effects of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase inhibitors on serum prolactin in humans. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980;93:7-12.

  17. Stalevo (levodopa, carbidopa, entacapone). DailyMed [www]. [updated 2020-01-07, cited 2020-01-16].

  18. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2019 [cited 2020-03-10.]

  1. Georgiev D, Hamberg K, Hariz M, Forsgren L, Hariz GM. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: A clinical perspective. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;136(6):570-584.
  2. Arabia G, Zappia M, Bosco D, Crescibene L, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight, levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2002;23 Suppl 2:S53-4.
  3. Sharma JC, Bachmann CG, Linazasoro G. Classifying risk factors for dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:490-7.
  4. Zappia M, Crescibene L, Arabia G, Nicoletti G, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;25:79-82.
  5. Kompoliti K, Adler CH, Raman R, Pincus JH, Leibowitz MT, Ferry JJ et al. Gender and pramipexole effects on levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Neurology. 2002;58(9):1418-22.
  6. Martinelli P, Contin M, Scaglione C, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesias: are there sex-related differences?. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:192-3.
  7. Kumagai T, Nagayama H, Ota T, Nishiyama Y, Mishina M, Ueda M. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(6):173-6.
  8. Nyholm D, Karlsson E, Lundberg M, Askmark H. Large differences in levodopa dose requirement in Parkinson's disease: men use higher doses than women. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:260-6.
  9. Baba Y, Putzke JD, Whaley NR, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ. Gender and the Parkinson's disease phenotype. J Neurol. 2005;252:1201-5.
  10. Altmann V, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Rieck M, Callegari-Jacques SM, Rieder CR, Hutz MH. Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on levodopa dose in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenomics. 2016;17(5):481-8.
  11. Hassin-Baer S, Molchadski I, Cohen OS, Nitzan Z, Efrati L, Tunkel O et al. Gender effect on time to levodopa-induced dyskinesias. J Neurol. 2011;258:2048-53.
  12. Zappia M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G, Arabia G, Annesi F, Messina D et al. Sex differences in clinical and genetic determinants of levodopa peak-dose dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: an exploratory study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:601-5.
  13. Kaasinen V, Nurmi E, Brück A, Eskola O, Bergman J, Solin O et al. Increased frontal [(18)F]fluorodopa uptake in early Parkinson's disease: sex differences in the prefrontal cortex. Brain. 2001;124:1125-30.
  14. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep. 1996;19:205-13.
  15. Murialdo G, Masturzo P, Carolei A, Polleri A. Dose and sex related effects of benserazide on prolactin secretion. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1979;55:373-7.
  16. Polleri A, Masturzo P, Murialdo G, Carolei A. Dose and sex related effects of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase inhibitors on serum prolactin in humans. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980;93:7-12.
  17. Stalevo (levodopa, carbidopa, entacapone). DailyMed [www]. [updated 2020-01-07, cited 2020-01-16].
  18. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2019 [cited 2020-03-10.]
Uppdaterat

Litteratursökningsdatum: 11/27/2019

Litteratursökningsdatum: 11/27/2019
Fasstexter

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Levodopa + enzymhämmare (benserazid, karbidopa, entakapon) Testmiljö

Levodopa + enzymhämmare (benserazid, karbidopa, entakapon)

Klass : C!

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Produkter

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Carbidopa And Levodopa, Carbidopa/Levodopa Fair-Med, Carbidopa/Levodop......

Carbidopa And Levodopa, Carbidopa/Levodopa Fair-Med, Carbidopa/Levodopa Orifarm, Carbidopa/Levodopa Orion, Comtess, Dazonay, Duodopa, Entacapone Mylan, Entacapone Orion, Entacapone Teva, Flexilev, Karbidopa/Levodopa Ebb, Lecigon, Levocar, Levodopa/Benserazid 2care4, Levodopa/Benserazid Ebb, Levodopa/Benserazid Orifarm, Levodopa/Benserazid ratiopharm, Levodopa/Benserazide Orifarm, Levodopa/Carbidopa Accord, Levodopa/Carbidopa ratiopharm, Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Accord, Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Orion, Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Rivopharm, Lodosyn, Madopar, Madopar Depot, Madopar Quick, Madopar Quick mite, Madopark, Madopark Depot, Madopark Quick, Madopark Quick mite, Pentiro, Sastravi, Sinemet, Sinemet Depot, Sinemet Depot Mite, Stalevo
ATC-koder

N04BA, N04BA02, N04BA03, N04BX02

N04BA, N04BA02, N04BA03, N04BX02
Substanser

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benserazid, benserazidhydroklorid, entakapon, karbidopa, karbidopa (mo......

benserazid, benserazidhydroklorid, entakapon, karbidopa, karbidopa (monohydrat), levodopa
Sammanfattning

Kvinnor med Parkinsons sjukdom behöver oftare lägre doser levodopa än män. Dyskinesier är vanligare och uppkommer tidigare hos kvinnor. Levodopa + enzymhämmare används även för behandling av Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). En studie har visat att patientens kön inte inverkade på den symptomökning (augmentation) som ofta inträffar vid kontinuerlig användning. Studier har visat att benserazid 125 mg respektive karbidopa 250 mg gav en större ökning av serumprolaktinnivåer hos kvinnor.

Kvinnor med Parkinsons sjukdom behöver oftare lägre doser levodopa än män. Dyskinesier är vanligare och uppkommer tidigare hos kvinnor. Levodopa + enzymhämmare används även för behandling av Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). En studie har visat att patientens kön inte inverkade på den symptomökning (augmentation) som ofta inträffar vid kontinuerlig användning. Studier har visat att benserazid 125 mg respektive karbidopa 250 mg gav en större ökning av serumprolaktinnivåer hos kvinnor.
Background

The reported incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is slightly higher in men than in women. It seems that men develop PD earlier in life compared to women. Several possible explanations behind these sex differences have been suggested; the protective role of estrogens in premenopausal women, and different profiles of risk factors (environmental and/or genetic). Sex differences in clinical presentations of PD have also been reported. Since the activities of daily living might differ between men and women with PD, different treatment strategies can be recommended to men and women with PD [1].

Pharmacokinetics and dosing
Several studies have shown that women have a higher levodopa AUC than men when receiving a standard dose of 250 mg levodopa corrected as mg/kg body weight, leading to a higher bioavailability of levodopa. This may be explained by the generally lower body weight of women [2-4]. Contrary to these findings, other studies have shown greater bioavailability in women even after adjustment for body weight [5-7]. In these studies, patients received an oral dose......

Visa hela bakgrundstexten

The reported incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is slightly higher in men than in women. It seems that men develop PD earlier in life compared to women. Several possible explanations behind these sex differences have been suggested; the protective role of estrogens in premenopausal women, and different profiles of risk factors (environmental and/or genetic). Sex differences in clinical presentations of PD have also been reported. Since the activities of daily living might differ between men and women with PD, different treatment strategies can be recommended to men and women with PD [1]. # Pharmacokinetics and dosing Several studies have shown that women have a higher levodopa AUC than men when receiving a standard dose of 250 mg levodopa corrected as mg/kg body weight, leading to a higher bioavailability of levodopa. This may be explained by the generally lower body weight of women [2-4]. Contrary to these findings, other studies have shown greater bioavailability in women even after adjustment for body weight [5-7]. In these studies, patients received an oral dose of 100 mg levodopa plus 25 mg benserazide or 10 mg carbidopa. Also, levodopa AUC adjusted for body weight were higher in women [5-7]. In a Swedish registry study, women used a lower mean daily dose of levodopa than men [8]. Similar findings were observed in a clinic-based studies from the US and Brazil [9, 10]. A reason behind this sex difference could be the metabolic differences and the risk of side effects such as dyskinesia (see Adverse effects). # Effects No studies with a clinically relevant sex analysis regarding effects of levodopa + enzyme inhibitors have been found. # Adverse effects Women with PD seem to be at higher risk of dyskinesia, due to pharmacokinetic factors. This is, however, not confirmed in other reports where patient’s sex has been studied as a risk factor [3]. In one clinical study (67 men, 49 women) no difference in the proportion of men and women experiencing dyskinesias was observed [6]. Female sex is associated with a significantly shorter time to occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) [11, 12].  The median time to LID was 4 years for women and 6 years for men. The reason for the sex difference is unclear. It has been suggested that hormonal status may underlie this susceptibility, possibly by modifying the individual dyskinetic sensitivity to levodopa through estrogens [11, 12]. Women have a lower expression of dopamine receptor genetic polymorphism (DRD2) which seems to exert a protective role in men against dyskinesia [3]. Women with PD have an 87% higher binding capacity of levodopa in the prefrontal cortex compared to men [13]. Dopaminergic medication is also used as a treatment for RLS (Restless Legs Syndrome) and PLMS (Periodic Leg Movement Syndrome). For nightly treatments, a problem with morning end-of-dose rebound increase in leg movements are reported to occur in about 25% of the patients. In one study (25 men, 21 women), patients with either RLS or PLMS were given 0.5-1 tablet levodopa/carbidopa 100/25 mg 20–30 minutes before bedtime. The dose was increased by 0.5 tablet every 3 days until satisfactory sleep occurred for the first 3 hours or the dose reached a maximum of 4 tablets. Augmentation (increased symptoms over time) was greater for patients with more severe RLS symptoms and for patients on higher doses (>200/50 mg) but was unrelated to patient’s sex or age [14]. Studies report that the increase in serum prolactin after receiving carbidopa or benserazide is larger in women than in men. In one study, healthy young men and women were given a single 125 mg oral dose benserazide inducing a larger percent increase of serum prolactin in women compared to men. In the general population, prolactin secretion is more affected by various stimuli in women [15]. In a similar study, benserazide was given in doses ranging between 10–125 mg and carbidopa was given in doses ranging between 10–250 mg to different groups of women [16]. Two different groups of men were given 125 mg of benserazide and 250 mg of carbidopa, respectively. Significant prolactin rises were observed in both men and women for all doses tested. Secretion areas were lager in women than in men and peak values were higher in women than in men. This sex-related finding is not unexpected considering the well-known sex-related differences in both spontaneous blood levels and responses to various stimuli. Sex differences may also influence serotonergic regulation of prolactin secretion  [16]. For entacapone, pre-marketing clinical trials did not note any differences in the rate of adverse events attributable to entacapone by patient’s sex [17]. # Reproductive health issues Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan).
Försäljning på recept

Visa hela försäljning på recept

Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut läkemedel innehållande kombination av levodopa och dekarboxylashämmare (ATC-kod N04BA02) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 16 611 män och 13 704 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 3,2 respektive 2,7 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel var högst i åldersgruppen 75 år och äldre hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var läkemedel innehållande kombination av levodopa och dekarboxylashämmare 1,3 gånger vanligare hos män [18]. Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut läkemedel innehållande kombination av levodopa, dekarboxylashämmare och COMT-hämmare (ATC-kod N04BA03) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 1 961 män och 1 020 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 0,4 respektive 0,2 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel var högst i åldersgruppen 70-84 år hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var tabletter innehållande kombination av levodopa, dekarboxylashämmare och COMT-hämmare 2,2 gånger vanligare hos män [18]. Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut tabletter innehållande entakapon (ATC-kod N04BX02) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 861 män och 443 kvinnor [18].
Referenser

Visa referenser

  1. Georgiev D, Hamberg K, Hariz M, Forsgren L, Hariz GM. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: A clinical perspective. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;136(6):570-584.

  2. Arabia G, Zappia M, Bosco D, Crescibene L, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight, levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2002;23 Suppl 2:S53-4.

  3. Sharma JC, Bachmann CG, Linazasoro G. Classifying risk factors for dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:490-7.

  4. Zappia M, Crescibene L, Arabia G, Nicoletti G, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;25:79-82.

  5. Kompoliti K, Adler CH, Raman R, Pincus JH, Leibowitz MT, Ferry JJ et al. Gender and pramipexole effects on levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Neurology. 2002;58(9):1418-22.

  6. Martinelli P, Contin M, Scaglione C, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesias: are there sex-related differences?. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:192-3.

  7. Kumagai T, Nagayama H, Ota T, Nishiyama Y, Mishina M, Ueda M. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(6):173-6.

  8. Nyholm D, Karlsson E, Lundberg M, Askmark H. Large differences in levodopa dose requirement in Parkinson's disease: men use higher doses than women. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:260-6.

  9. Baba Y, Putzke JD, Whaley NR, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ. Gender and the Parkinson's disease phenotype. J Neurol. 2005;252:1201-5.

  10. Altmann V, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Rieck M, Callegari-Jacques SM, Rieder CR, Hutz MH. Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on levodopa dose in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenomics. 2016;17(5):481-8.

  11. Hassin-Baer S, Molchadski I, Cohen OS, Nitzan Z, Efrati L, Tunkel O et al. Gender effect on time to levodopa-induced dyskinesias. J Neurol. 2011;258:2048-53.

  12. Zappia M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G, Arabia G, Annesi F, Messina D et al. Sex differences in clinical and genetic determinants of levodopa peak-dose dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: an exploratory study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:601-5.

  13. Kaasinen V, Nurmi E, Brück A, Eskola O, Bergman J, Solin O et al. Increased frontal [(18)F]fluorodopa uptake in early Parkinson's disease: sex differences in the prefrontal cortex. Brain. 2001;124:1125-30.

  14. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep. 1996;19:205-13.

  15. Murialdo G, Masturzo P, Carolei A, Polleri A. Dose and sex related effects of benserazide on prolactin secretion. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1979;55:373-7.

  16. Polleri A, Masturzo P, Murialdo G, Carolei A. Dose and sex related effects of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase inhibitors on serum prolactin in humans. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980;93:7-12.

  17. Stalevo (levodopa, carbidopa, entacapone). DailyMed [www]. [updated 2020-01-07, cited 2020-01-16].

  18. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2019 [cited 2020-03-10.]

  1. Georgiev D, Hamberg K, Hariz M, Forsgren L, Hariz GM. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: A clinical perspective. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;136(6):570-584.
  2. Arabia G, Zappia M, Bosco D, Crescibene L, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight, levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2002;23 Suppl 2:S53-4.
  3. Sharma JC, Bachmann CG, Linazasoro G. Classifying risk factors for dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:490-7.
  4. Zappia M, Crescibene L, Arabia G, Nicoletti G, Bagalà A, Bastone L et al. Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;25:79-82.
  5. Kompoliti K, Adler CH, Raman R, Pincus JH, Leibowitz MT, Ferry JJ et al. Gender and pramipexole effects on levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Neurology. 2002;58(9):1418-22.
  6. Martinelli P, Contin M, Scaglione C, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesias: are there sex-related differences?. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:192-3.
  7. Kumagai T, Nagayama H, Ota T, Nishiyama Y, Mishina M, Ueda M. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(6):173-6.
  8. Nyholm D, Karlsson E, Lundberg M, Askmark H. Large differences in levodopa dose requirement in Parkinson's disease: men use higher doses than women. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:260-6.
  9. Baba Y, Putzke JD, Whaley NR, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ. Gender and the Parkinson's disease phenotype. J Neurol. 2005;252:1201-5.
  10. Altmann V, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Rieck M, Callegari-Jacques SM, Rieder CR, Hutz MH. Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on levodopa dose in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenomics. 2016;17(5):481-8.
  11. Hassin-Baer S, Molchadski I, Cohen OS, Nitzan Z, Efrati L, Tunkel O et al. Gender effect on time to levodopa-induced dyskinesias. J Neurol. 2011;258:2048-53.
  12. Zappia M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G, Arabia G, Annesi F, Messina D et al. Sex differences in clinical and genetic determinants of levodopa peak-dose dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: an exploratory study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:601-5.
  13. Kaasinen V, Nurmi E, Brück A, Eskola O, Bergman J, Solin O et al. Increased frontal [(18)F]fluorodopa uptake in early Parkinson's disease: sex differences in the prefrontal cortex. Brain. 2001;124:1125-30.
  14. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep. 1996;19:205-13.
  15. Murialdo G, Masturzo P, Carolei A, Polleri A. Dose and sex related effects of benserazide on prolactin secretion. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1979;55:373-7.
  16. Polleri A, Masturzo P, Murialdo G, Carolei A. Dose and sex related effects of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase inhibitors on serum prolactin in humans. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980;93:7-12.
  17. Stalevo (levodopa, carbidopa, entacapone). DailyMed [www]. [updated 2020-01-07, cited 2020-01-16].
  18. Läkemedelsstatistik. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2019 [cited 2020-03-10.]
Uppdaterat

Litteratursökningsdatum: 11/27/2019

Litteratursökningsdatum: 11/27/2019
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