Testmiljö
Observera att detta är en testmiljö för utveckling som inte ska användas som underlag för klinisk bedömning. Besök Janusmed här: https://janusmed.se

4/9/2025

Janusmed kön och genus

Janusmed kön och genus – Avinza

Janusmed kön och genus är ett kunskapsstöd som tillhandahåller information om köns- och genusaspekter på läkemedelsbehandling. Kunskapsstödet är avsedd främst för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Texterna är generella och ska inte ses som behandlingsriktlinjer. Det är alltid behandlande läkare som ansvarar för patientens medicinering.

För att komma till startsidan för Janusmed kön och genus och för att göra sökningar klicka här.

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C C
C C

Morfin Testmiljö

Morfin

Klass : C

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Produkter

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Avinza, Contalgin, Depolan, Dolcontin, Dolcontin Unotard, Duramorph, K......

Avinza, Contalgin, Depolan, Dolcontin, Dolcontin Unotard, Duramorph, Kapanol, MST CONTINUS, Morfin AB Unimedic, Morfin APL, Morfin APL med konserveringsmedel, Morfin Abcur, Morfin Alternova, Morfin Epidural APL, Morfin Epidural Meda, Morfin Kalceks, Morfin Meda, Morfin Special, Morfin Special APL, Morfin Viatris, Morphin HCL Bichsel, Morphin HCl Amino, Morphin HCl Bichsel, Morphin-HCl Sintetica, Morphine Unimedic, Oramorph, Sendolor, Sevre-Long
ATC-koder

N02AA01

N02AA01
Substanser

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morfin, morfin-n-oxid, morfinhemisulfat-2,5-hydrat, morfinhydrokloridt......

morfin, morfin-n-oxid, morfinhemisulfat-2,5-hydrat, morfinhydrokloridtrihydrat, morfinmetylbromid, morfinsulfat
Sammanfattning

Dosbehovet av morfin måste individualiseras hos såväl män som kvinnor, och den lägsta effektiva dosen ska titreras fram. Kvinnor kan ha en något långsammare insättande men större effekt av morfin än män. I studier på postoperativ smärta rapporterar kvinnor mer smärta och kräver en högre viktjusterad dos morfin än män för att uppnå en jämförbar smärtlindring. Förekomst av opioidinducerat illamående är högre hos kvinnor.

Dosbehovet av morfin måste individualiseras hos såväl män som kvinnor, och den lägsta effektiva dosen ska titreras fram. Kvinnor kan ha en något långsammare insättande men större effekt av morfin än män. I studier på postoperativ smärta rapporterar kvinnor mer smärta och kräver en högre viktjusterad dos morfin än män för att uppnå en jämförbar smärtlindring. Förekomst av opioidinducerat illamående är högre hos kvinnor.
Background

The prevalence of several clinical pain conditions is higher in women than in men. Differences in pharmacokinetics, sex hormones, stress response, or socio-cultural aspects may be of importance [1-3]. Therefore, sex and gender differences of pain medications are difficult to interpret [4].
Studies on abuse potential of opioids have not been included in this document.

Pharmacokinetics and dosing
A small study (10 men, 10 women) evaluating pharmacokinetics after administration of morphine (bolus dose 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.03 mg/kg per h for 1h) reported that concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide (M6G), and morphine-3-glucoronide (M3G) did not differ between men and women [5].
In a retrospective study (2344 men, 1933 women) on pain relief in the immediate postoperative period, women reported more pain and required marginally higher doses (+11%) of morphine than men. However, this difference disappeared in elderly patients [6]. Similar results were reported in another prospective study (277 men, 423 women) which also found that women reported more pain and......

Visa hela bakgrundstexten

The prevalence of several clinical pain conditions is higher in women than in men. Differences in pharmacokinetics, sex hormones, stress response, or socio-cultural aspects may be of importance [1-3]. Therefore, sex and gender differences of pain medications are difficult to interpret [4]. Studies on abuse potential of opioids have not been included in this document. # Pharmacokinetics and dosing A small study (10 men, 10 women) evaluating pharmacokinetics after administration of morphine (bolus dose 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.03 mg/kg per h for 1h) reported that concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide (M6G), and morphine-3-glucoronide (M3G) did not differ between men and women [5]. In a retrospective study (2344 men, 1933 women) on pain relief in the immediate postoperative period, women reported more pain and required marginally higher doses (+11%) of morphine than men. However, this difference disappeared in elderly patients [6]. Similar results were reported in another prospective study (277 men, 423 women) which also found that women reported more pain and required higher doses (+30%) of morphine than men for postoperative pain relief [7]. # Effects **Opioids in general** The effect of opioids for pain-relief may differ between men and women. According to a systematic review, women may require lower doses of opioids, in treatment of acute or chronic pain [8]. **Specific for morphine** A systematic review (in total 6459 men, 6979 women) found sex differences in morphine-induced analgesia in both experimental pain studies and clinical patient-control analgesia (PCA) studies for treatment of acute pain. The included studies indicate differences in morphine efficacy between men and women. In the experimental studies (11 studies, including 245 men, 352 women) a moderately higher effect in women was found for morphine but not for other opioids (outcomes included were change in pain perception, change in pain tolerance or threshold, and plasma concentration causing a 50% effect in change in pain tolerance). In the clinical studies (25 studies, including 5971 men, 6388 women) the results varied, but the meta-analysis showed a higher effect of morphine in women, particularly in  PCA-studies of longer duration  (outcomes included  opioid consumption in mg or mg/h and change in pain score relative to pre-drug baseline) [9]. However, information about weight-adjustment of doses is often lacking. The influence of morphine on experimentally induced pain has been examined in young healthy volunteers (10 men, 10 women; age 21-36 years) receiving intravenous morphine (bolus dose 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.03 mg/kg per h for 1h). Women had higher effect of morphine for both pain threshold and pain tolerance, but slower speed of onset and offset [5, 10]. # Adverse effects Sex differences in adverse events of opioids were investigated in a large retrospective cohort study (3319 men, 5138 women). For opioids in general, women had a higher risk of gastrointestinal issues (OR 3.1), skin and subcutaneous tissue complications (e.g. rash, itching; OR 2.1), and nervous system issues (e.g. migraines, dizziness; OR 2.3) [11]. The risk of postoperative opioid-induced nausea and emesis appears to  be higher in women than in men [12, 13]. However, postoperative nausea and vomiting are more common in women in general [14]. If the higher risk is pertained to opioid treatment or related to a higher baseline risk in women is not known. Studies have shown that women experience more opioid-induced respiratory depression than men [12]. There are studies suggesting that the mechanism of ventilatory depression by morphine differs between the sexes [10, 15, 16]. # Reproductive health issues Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan).
Försäljning på recept

Visa hela försäljning på recept

Fler kvinnor än män hämtade ut morfin (ATC-kod N02AA01) på recept i Sverige år 2021, totalt 22 812 kvinnor och 16 284 män. Det motsvarar 4,4 respektive 3,1 patienter per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedlet ökade med stigande ålder hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var morfin 1,3 gånger vanligare hos kvinnor [17].
Referenser

Visa referenser

  1. Greenspan JD, Craft RM, LeResche L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Berkley KJ, Fillingim RB et al. Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: a consensus report. Pain. 2007;132 Suppl 1:S26-45.

  2. Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):52-8.

  3. Sorge RE, Totsch SK. Sex Differences in Pain. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95(6):1271-1281.

  4. Dance A. Why the sexes don't feel pain the same way. Nature. 2019;567(7749):448-450.

  5. Sarton E, Olofsen E, Romberg R, den Hartigh J, Kest B, Nieuwenhuijs D et al. Sex differences in morphine analgesia: an experimental study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1245-54; discussion 6A.

  6. Aubrun F, Salvi N, Coriat P, Riou B. Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:156-60.

  7. Cepeda MS, Carr DB. Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve a similar degree of analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1464-8.

  8. Pisanu C, Franconi F, Gessa GL, Mameli S, Pisanu GM, Campesi I et al. Sex differences in the response to opioids for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2019;148:104447.

  9. Niesters M, Dahan A, Kest B, Zacny J, Stijnen T, Aarts L et al. Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. Pain. 2010;151:61-8.

  10. Sarton E, Romberg R, Dahan A. Gender differences in morphine pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;523:71-80.

  11. Lopes GS, Bielinski S, Moyer AM, Jacobson DJ, Wang L, Jiang R et al. Sex differences in type and occurrence of adverse reactions to opioid analgesics: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e044157.

  12. Barrett AC. Low efficacy opioids: implications for sex differences in opioid antinociception. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;14:1-11.

  13. Zun LS, Downey LV, Gossman W, Rosenbaumdagger J, Sussman G. Gender differences in narcotic-induced emesis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:151-4.

  14. Conti D, Ballo P, Boccalini R, Boccherini A, Cantini S, Venni A et al. The effect of patient sex on the incidence of early adverse effects in a population of elderly patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014;42:455-9.

  15. Dahan A, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olievier C. Sex-related differences in the influence of morphine on ventilatory control in humans. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:903-13.

  16. Sarton E, Teppema L, Dahan A. Sex differences in morphine-induced ventilatory depression reside within the peripheral chemoreflex loop. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(5):1329-38.

  17. Statistikdatabas för läkemedel. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2021 [cited 2022-03-15.]

  1. Greenspan JD, Craft RM, LeResche L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Berkley KJ, Fillingim RB et al. Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: a consensus report. Pain. 2007;132 Suppl 1:S26-45.
  2. Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):52-8.
  3. Sorge RE, Totsch SK. Sex Differences in Pain. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95(6):1271-1281.
  4. Dance A. Why the sexes don't feel pain the same way. Nature. 2019;567(7749):448-450.
  5. Sarton E, Olofsen E, Romberg R, den Hartigh J, Kest B, Nieuwenhuijs D et al. Sex differences in morphine analgesia: an experimental study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1245-54; discussion 6A.
  6. Aubrun F, Salvi N, Coriat P, Riou B. Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:156-60.
  7. Cepeda MS, Carr DB. Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve a similar degree of analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1464-8.
  8. Pisanu C, Franconi F, Gessa GL, Mameli S, Pisanu GM, Campesi I et al. Sex differences in the response to opioids for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2019;148:104447.
  9. Niesters M, Dahan A, Kest B, Zacny J, Stijnen T, Aarts L et al. Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. Pain. 2010;151:61-8.
  10. Sarton E, Romberg R, Dahan A. Gender differences in morphine pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;523:71-80.
  11. Lopes GS, Bielinski S, Moyer AM, Jacobson DJ, Wang L, Jiang R et al. Sex differences in type and occurrence of adverse reactions to opioid analgesics: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e044157.
  12. Barrett AC. Low efficacy opioids: implications for sex differences in opioid antinociception. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;14:1-11.
  13. Zun LS, Downey LV, Gossman W, Rosenbaumdagger J, Sussman G. Gender differences in narcotic-induced emesis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:151-4.
  14. Conti D, Ballo P, Boccalini R, Boccherini A, Cantini S, Venni A et al. The effect of patient sex on the incidence of early adverse effects in a population of elderly patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014;42:455-9.
  15. Dahan A, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olievier C. Sex-related differences in the influence of morphine on ventilatory control in humans. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:903-13.
  16. Sarton E, Teppema L, Dahan A. Sex differences in morphine-induced ventilatory depression reside within the peripheral chemoreflex loop. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(5):1329-38.
  17. Statistikdatabas för läkemedel. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2021 [cited 2022-03-15.]
Uppdaterat

Litteratursökningsdatum: 2/15/2023

Litteratursökningsdatum: 2/15/2023
Fasstexter

Visa fasstexter

C C
C C

Morfin Testmiljö

Morfin

Klass : C

Visa all info

Skriv ut

Kontakta oss

Produkter

Visa alla produkter

Avinza, Contalgin, Depolan, Dolcontin, Dolcontin Unotard, Duramorph, K......

Avinza, Contalgin, Depolan, Dolcontin, Dolcontin Unotard, Duramorph, Kapanol, MST CONTINUS, Morfin AB Unimedic, Morfin APL, Morfin APL med konserveringsmedel, Morfin Abcur, Morfin Alternova, Morfin Epidural APL, Morfin Epidural Meda, Morfin Kalceks, Morfin Meda, Morfin Special, Morfin Special APL, Morfin Viatris, Morphin HCL Bichsel, Morphin HCl Amino, Morphin HCl Bichsel, Morphin-HCl Sintetica, Morphine Unimedic, Oramorph, Sendolor, Sevre-Long
ATC-koder

N02AA01

N02AA01
Substanser

Visa alla substanser

morfin, morfin-n-oxid, morfinhemisulfat-2,5-hydrat, morfinhydrokloridt......

morfin, morfin-n-oxid, morfinhemisulfat-2,5-hydrat, morfinhydrokloridtrihydrat, morfinmetylbromid, morfinsulfat
Sammanfattning

Dosbehovet av morfin måste individualiseras hos såväl män som kvinnor, och den lägsta effektiva dosen ska titreras fram. Kvinnor kan ha en något långsammare insättande men större effekt av morfin än män. I studier på postoperativ smärta rapporterar kvinnor mer smärta och kräver en högre viktjusterad dos morfin än män för att uppnå en jämförbar smärtlindring. Förekomst av opioidinducerat illamående är högre hos kvinnor.

Dosbehovet av morfin måste individualiseras hos såväl män som kvinnor, och den lägsta effektiva dosen ska titreras fram. Kvinnor kan ha en något långsammare insättande men större effekt av morfin än män. I studier på postoperativ smärta rapporterar kvinnor mer smärta och kräver en högre viktjusterad dos morfin än män för att uppnå en jämförbar smärtlindring. Förekomst av opioidinducerat illamående är högre hos kvinnor.
Background

The prevalence of several clinical pain conditions is higher in women than in men. Differences in pharmacokinetics, sex hormones, stress response, or socio-cultural aspects may be of importance [1-3]. Therefore, sex and gender differences of pain medications are difficult to interpret [4].
Studies on abuse potential of opioids have not been included in this document.

Pharmacokinetics and dosing
A small study (10 men, 10 women) evaluating pharmacokinetics after administration of morphine (bolus dose 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.03 mg/kg per h for 1h) reported that concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide (M6G), and morphine-3-glucoronide (M3G) did not differ between men and women [5].
In a retrospective study (2344 men, 1933 women) on pain relief in the immediate postoperative period, women reported more pain and required marginally higher doses (+11%) of morphine than men. However, this difference disappeared in elderly patients [6]. Similar results were reported in another prospective study (277 men, 423 women) which also found that women reported more pain and......

Visa hela bakgrundstexten

The prevalence of several clinical pain conditions is higher in women than in men. Differences in pharmacokinetics, sex hormones, stress response, or socio-cultural aspects may be of importance [1-3]. Therefore, sex and gender differences of pain medications are difficult to interpret [4]. Studies on abuse potential of opioids have not been included in this document. # Pharmacokinetics and dosing A small study (10 men, 10 women) evaluating pharmacokinetics after administration of morphine (bolus dose 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.03 mg/kg per h for 1h) reported that concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide (M6G), and morphine-3-glucoronide (M3G) did not differ between men and women [5]. In a retrospective study (2344 men, 1933 women) on pain relief in the immediate postoperative period, women reported more pain and required marginally higher doses (+11%) of morphine than men. However, this difference disappeared in elderly patients [6]. Similar results were reported in another prospective study (277 men, 423 women) which also found that women reported more pain and required higher doses (+30%) of morphine than men for postoperative pain relief [7]. # Effects **Opioids in general** The effect of opioids for pain-relief may differ between men and women. According to a systematic review, women may require lower doses of opioids, in treatment of acute or chronic pain [8]. **Specific for morphine** A systematic review (in total 6459 men, 6979 women) found sex differences in morphine-induced analgesia in both experimental pain studies and clinical patient-control analgesia (PCA) studies for treatment of acute pain. The included studies indicate differences in morphine efficacy between men and women. In the experimental studies (11 studies, including 245 men, 352 women) a moderately higher effect in women was found for morphine but not for other opioids (outcomes included were change in pain perception, change in pain tolerance or threshold, and plasma concentration causing a 50% effect in change in pain tolerance). In the clinical studies (25 studies, including 5971 men, 6388 women) the results varied, but the meta-analysis showed a higher effect of morphine in women, particularly in  PCA-studies of longer duration  (outcomes included  opioid consumption in mg or mg/h and change in pain score relative to pre-drug baseline) [9]. However, information about weight-adjustment of doses is often lacking. The influence of morphine on experimentally induced pain has been examined in young healthy volunteers (10 men, 10 women; age 21-36 years) receiving intravenous morphine (bolus dose 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.03 mg/kg per h for 1h). Women had higher effect of morphine for both pain threshold and pain tolerance, but slower speed of onset and offset [5, 10]. # Adverse effects Sex differences in adverse events of opioids were investigated in a large retrospective cohort study (3319 men, 5138 women). For opioids in general, women had a higher risk of gastrointestinal issues (OR 3.1), skin and subcutaneous tissue complications (e.g. rash, itching; OR 2.1), and nervous system issues (e.g. migraines, dizziness; OR 2.3) [11]. The risk of postoperative opioid-induced nausea and emesis appears to  be higher in women than in men [12, 13]. However, postoperative nausea and vomiting are more common in women in general [14]. If the higher risk is pertained to opioid treatment or related to a higher baseline risk in women is not known. Studies have shown that women experience more opioid-induced respiratory depression than men [12]. There are studies suggesting that the mechanism of ventilatory depression by morphine differs between the sexes [10, 15, 16]. # Reproductive health issues Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan).
Försäljning på recept

Visa hela försäljning på recept

Fler kvinnor än män hämtade ut morfin (ATC-kod N02AA01) på recept i Sverige år 2021, totalt 22 812 kvinnor och 16 284 män. Det motsvarar 4,4 respektive 3,1 patienter per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedlet ökade med stigande ålder hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var morfin 1,3 gånger vanligare hos kvinnor [17].
Referenser

Visa referenser

  1. Greenspan JD, Craft RM, LeResche L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Berkley KJ, Fillingim RB et al. Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: a consensus report. Pain. 2007;132 Suppl 1:S26-45.

  2. Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):52-8.

  3. Sorge RE, Totsch SK. Sex Differences in Pain. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95(6):1271-1281.

  4. Dance A. Why the sexes don't feel pain the same way. Nature. 2019;567(7749):448-450.

  5. Sarton E, Olofsen E, Romberg R, den Hartigh J, Kest B, Nieuwenhuijs D et al. Sex differences in morphine analgesia: an experimental study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1245-54; discussion 6A.

  6. Aubrun F, Salvi N, Coriat P, Riou B. Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:156-60.

  7. Cepeda MS, Carr DB. Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve a similar degree of analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1464-8.

  8. Pisanu C, Franconi F, Gessa GL, Mameli S, Pisanu GM, Campesi I et al. Sex differences in the response to opioids for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2019;148:104447.

  9. Niesters M, Dahan A, Kest B, Zacny J, Stijnen T, Aarts L et al. Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. Pain. 2010;151:61-8.

  10. Sarton E, Romberg R, Dahan A. Gender differences in morphine pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;523:71-80.

  11. Lopes GS, Bielinski S, Moyer AM, Jacobson DJ, Wang L, Jiang R et al. Sex differences in type and occurrence of adverse reactions to opioid analgesics: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e044157.

  12. Barrett AC. Low efficacy opioids: implications for sex differences in opioid antinociception. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;14:1-11.

  13. Zun LS, Downey LV, Gossman W, Rosenbaumdagger J, Sussman G. Gender differences in narcotic-induced emesis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:151-4.

  14. Conti D, Ballo P, Boccalini R, Boccherini A, Cantini S, Venni A et al. The effect of patient sex on the incidence of early adverse effects in a population of elderly patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014;42:455-9.

  15. Dahan A, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olievier C. Sex-related differences in the influence of morphine on ventilatory control in humans. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:903-13.

  16. Sarton E, Teppema L, Dahan A. Sex differences in morphine-induced ventilatory depression reside within the peripheral chemoreflex loop. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(5):1329-38.

  17. Statistikdatabas för läkemedel. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2021 [cited 2022-03-15.]

  1. Greenspan JD, Craft RM, LeResche L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Berkley KJ, Fillingim RB et al. Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: a consensus report. Pain. 2007;132 Suppl 1:S26-45.
  2. Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):52-8.
  3. Sorge RE, Totsch SK. Sex Differences in Pain. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95(6):1271-1281.
  4. Dance A. Why the sexes don't feel pain the same way. Nature. 2019;567(7749):448-450.
  5. Sarton E, Olofsen E, Romberg R, den Hartigh J, Kest B, Nieuwenhuijs D et al. Sex differences in morphine analgesia: an experimental study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1245-54; discussion 6A.
  6. Aubrun F, Salvi N, Coriat P, Riou B. Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:156-60.
  7. Cepeda MS, Carr DB. Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve a similar degree of analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1464-8.
  8. Pisanu C, Franconi F, Gessa GL, Mameli S, Pisanu GM, Campesi I et al. Sex differences in the response to opioids for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2019;148:104447.
  9. Niesters M, Dahan A, Kest B, Zacny J, Stijnen T, Aarts L et al. Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. Pain. 2010;151:61-8.
  10. Sarton E, Romberg R, Dahan A. Gender differences in morphine pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;523:71-80.
  11. Lopes GS, Bielinski S, Moyer AM, Jacobson DJ, Wang L, Jiang R et al. Sex differences in type and occurrence of adverse reactions to opioid analgesics: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e044157.
  12. Barrett AC. Low efficacy opioids: implications for sex differences in opioid antinociception. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;14:1-11.
  13. Zun LS, Downey LV, Gossman W, Rosenbaumdagger J, Sussman G. Gender differences in narcotic-induced emesis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:151-4.
  14. Conti D, Ballo P, Boccalini R, Boccherini A, Cantini S, Venni A et al. The effect of patient sex on the incidence of early adverse effects in a population of elderly patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014;42:455-9.
  15. Dahan A, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olievier C. Sex-related differences in the influence of morphine on ventilatory control in humans. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:903-13.
  16. Sarton E, Teppema L, Dahan A. Sex differences in morphine-induced ventilatory depression reside within the peripheral chemoreflex loop. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(5):1329-38.
  17. Statistikdatabas för läkemedel. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. 2021 [cited 2022-03-15.]
Uppdaterat

Litteratursökningsdatum: 2/15/2023

Litteratursökningsdatum: 2/15/2023
Fasstexter

Visa fasstexter